Top 10 IT MNCs in India

Top 10 IT MNCs in India

Indian IT is no longer about just being a global talent base. The country is also emerging fast as a key market for both Indian and global technology companies. Thanks to a growing domestic IT market, even global companies are making rapid inroads in the Indian market.
In fact, IT MNCs outnumbered Desi tech firms in a recent survey done by Dataquest magazine on India's Top 20 IT companies in India.
What's more, it is not just the biggies like Microsoft, HP, IBM and Oracle battling it out with the Indian IT companies for top slots in the rankings. The swelling domestic IT market is attracting many more global tech firms to India and they are giving tough competition to the home companies on their turf.
Another key finding of the survey is that India is no longer just a key R&D location. The country is also fast gaining importance in terms of revenue generation. India revenues are rising and becoming noticeable in the global revenues of these companies.
Here's a peek into the top 10 tech MNCs in India and their business.

Hewlett-Packard

The first MNC in the list is HP India. Part of world's No. 1 PC maker, the company today has one of the widest portfolio of products and services. Eyeing services market, the global company recently made a $13.2 billion acquisition of technology services provider Electronic Data Systems Corp.
Buying EDS would give HP more tools to challenge IBM in the lucrative technology services field. The estimated $550 billion market for technology services has long been dominated by IBM Corp, which has about a 10 per cent share. HP ranks a distant fifth with a 3 per cent market share, based on its $16.6 billion in technology services revenue in its last fiscal year.
In February 2008 the company signed a seven-year outsourcing contract with Unilever for the management of Unilever's technology infrastructure in the Americas, Asia, Africa, Turkey and Middle East.
In India, the company bagged 10 new outsourcing contracts, including Andhra Bank, United Bank of India and United India insurance. In the printer segment, company's Print 2.0 strategy focuses on Web-based printing. It also launched its online photo service snap fish.
With the announcement of 3G policy, HP is planning to talk to Indian mobile operators for a tie-up to offer 3G laptops. HP already has tie-ups with various service providers in different countries. For instance, in the US it’s AT&T, Sprint & Verizon, in Australia HP has tied up with Vodafone, in UK its Orange, Vodafone and T-Mobile.

IBM

In the year 2007 the revenues of the Indian arm of Big Blue grew maximum among major markets including China (in dollar terms). The overall headcount saw a jump of 20,000. The major clients included, Vodafone, Indian Railways and Ministry of Social Welfare.
It also won a $45mn services contract from CBDT. The agenda of the 5-year deal is to completely modernise CBDT's infrastructure. The company recently opened news centers in Noida and Pune.
The company under went restructuring into four divisions Enterprise Systems, Business Systems, Industry Systems and Volume Systems. Renewing its focus on the SMB segment, the company is restructuring its focus from a product-centric one to a client-centric business model.
The transformation will provide IBM customers with a single face of IBM to deal with. The company also boosted its direct presence from 14 locations to 27. As part of the second phase of its Project Big Green (PBG 2.0) in India, IBM introduced new products and services to help enterprises build ‘greener’ technology infrastructure.
With PBG 2.0, the company is introducing modular, energy-efficient data centre designs that can reduce energy consumption by about 50 per cent. Globally, IBM relies on emerging markets for two thirds of its revenue. Five key overseas growth markets for IBM include China, India, Brazil, Australia and South Korea -- with each contributing more than $1 billion in revenue annually.

Ingram Micro

Next on the list is Ingram Micro Inc, the world's largest technology distributor and a leading technology sales, marketing and logistics company.
Like HP India, the company gets a major part of its revenues from the sale of computer systems and peripherals. The company which merged with Tech pacific globally saw a strong growth in PC and enterprise business last year.
The company also launched its own brand V7 focusing largely on accessories segment. The company also added Autodesk and Adobe to its software portfolio and Asus to hardware. It also became direct distributor of Toshiba laptops. It also added several vendors like Hitachi, NetApp, Tandberg and Netgear.
Internationally, Ingram offers a broad array of solutions and services to approximately 170,000 resellers. Through Ingram Micro Logistics, the company provides customisable services for order management and fulfillment, contract manufacturing, contract warehousing, product procurement, product pack out and cartonisation, reverse logistics, transportation management, customer care, credit and collection management services and other value chain services.

Cisco

The networking giant too is making rapid strides in the Indian market. It claims that the company came to India not just because of cost arbitrage, but more for innovation, growth and talent.
The company which witnessed the exit of a series of top managers in 2006-07, saw some stability at the top last year. The company's total India sales stood at Rs 5370 crore, with 35 per cent coming from Switches.
The company also witnessed high growth in the areas of unified communications and network storage. Earlier this year, Cisco India restructured its India operations on the lines of a technology services company. The company said that the change reflects Cisco's evolution from being mainly an equipment vendor to a combined product-service solutions provider.
The restructuring is also expected to create more jobs and create further leadership positions. The company plans to take its headcount to 10,000 in the next five years. Cisco's new globalisation centre east campus has largest campus data centre outside US.
The R&D operation of Cisco India currently has around 5,000 people including its India technology partners like Wipro. It also formed joint go-to-market alliances with Wipro and Satyam Computers with the potential generating substantial revenues in the areas of networking and healthcare.

Oracle

The IT MNC has been in India for over 15 years. In fact, it was among the first few multinational software companies to set up operations in India.
Beginning with a distributorship through Tata Consultancy Services in 1987, the company established direct operations with a liaison office in 1991, and in 1993 formed Oracle India Private Ltd, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Oracle Corp, focused on the sales and marketing of Oracle software in India.
Last year saw Oracle India look beyond its conventional ERP, and focus more on niche apps like CRM, logistics management and HCM. The company continues to lead the database market with 63 per cent marketshare.
The company overtook SAP in CRM and stood at no. 3, behind Avaya and ASPECT software. The company has seven development centres including an Asian R&D centre, a partner solution centre, an egov centre, a retail CCoE and three GDCs at Bangalore, Hyderbad and Noida.
Last year, company saw attrition at top level, with several senior managers joining completion like IBM, Microsoft and SAP.

Intel

The chip giant Intel earned over 60 per cent of its last year's revenues from the APAC market, including Japan. The company seems to have benefited from the expanding laptop market. It earned $160 per laptop versus $85 it made per desktop.
The company also launched its low-cost, low-power Atom processors and quad-core processors. Intel sees a huge market for UMPCs and other small form factor Internet devices; calling its own version of such a device as 'Netbook', a low-cost PC that would cost in the region of $250.
In addition, Intel has also announced the "Centrino Atom" processor technology aimed specially at mobile Internet devices. This was formerly code-named Menlow.
Eyeing the SMB segment, it introduced an online storefront and business solution Web portal designed for small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs). The Intel Business Exchange (Intel BX) brings together offerings such as bundled software and hardware, standalone business applications and services.

Accenture

Accenture is one tech MNC which has more employees in India than US. The management consulting and IT services provider recently announced that it is planning to add another 28,000 employees in the current financial year.
Globally, the company plans to make 60,000 gross additions to its workforce by August and will be consistently investing in training manpower. The Bermuda-based company was formerly a part of Andersen Consulting, till the company split off from defunct accounting firm Arthur Andersen in 1989.
Formerly Andersen Consulting, the company split off from defunct accounting firm Arthur Andersen in 1989. Accenture delivery centers for technology and business process outsourcing in India were awarded the BSI BS 25999-2:2007 certification for business continuity from British Standards Institute (BSI) recently.
The company operates 45 delivery centres across five continents with more than 75,000 people. Its India delivery centres are located in Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Pune and Gurgaon in National Capital Region of Delhi.
It is currently servicing 350 clients, including many of the Fortune 100 companies from India. The company's BPO unit recently said that it is witnessing pricing pressure for certain deals, especially the low-end transactional work.

Microsoft

The Indian subsidiary of software major Microsoft Corp recently announced the appointment of ex-Dell chief Rajan Anandan as its MD. The company grew 26 per cent claimed that launched largest Microsoft Office Sharepoint at TCS.
The company also announced changes in software licencing, which included option of staggered payment for software purchases. The company partnered 14 states and now boasts of over 300 e-gov apps running on Windows. The drop in piracy rates also boosted company's revenue.
The company recently announced the Release to Manufacture (RTM) of SQL Server 2008, the latest version of its database management offering. Microsoft India has also been in news for all the wrong reasons recently, the company which got a new MD last week saw a series of senior-level resignations including its MD, Neelam Dhawan, who quit Microsoft to join HP.
The company was also issued a show-cause notice for non-payment of service tax worth Rs 127 crore. The notice has been issued for non-payment of service tax on `marketing and user support services' carried out by Microsoft India for Microsoft Singapore.

SAP

SAP India was recently termed as 'Jewel in the Crown' of SAP worldwide. SAP India posted 67 per cent growth in the software licence revenue in the first quarter of 2008. The company's small and mid-size revenue rose by 43 per cent, while consulting grew by 34 per cent and education marked 100 per cent growth.
The rise was marked by software licence revenue and customer acquisitions that made SAP India the fastest growing region within SAP. The growth came across various verticals including utilities, Banking Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI), automotive, and retail.
While SAP added Delphi TVS, Easun Reyrolle, and IFB Industries as its new customers, companies such as Moser Baer, Sasken Communications, and Greaves Cotton moved to SAP from legacy platform.
SAP success story also touched SAP Labs. SAP Lab started operations in the year 2000 with 100 people and has been growing by almost 50 per cent every year until 2007, when it grew about 30 per cent. Lab's present headcount stands at approximately 3500 people.
On the down side, the lack of database applications continues to give its arch rival, Oracle, lead in vertical specific offerings. Also, Oracle last year inched past SAP in the CRM market.

Dell

World's second largest computer maker made its India entry some eight years ago. The company which is bullish on India market claims to be seeing rising demand from consumer, small and medium business, government, financial services and education sectors.
The Texas-based company, which has a plant in Tamil Nadu achieved a revenue of Rs 3,000 crore building on strong volume growth in 2007. The company's Sriperumbudur plant has brought down the shipping time from three weeks to one week.
The company is at third position in the market with a 7.6 per cent market share and claims to be number one in large corporate segments. It recently launched low-cost personal computers customised for the Indian market.
Dell has also announced plans to adopt channel sales model to enhance its presence in the Indian market. The vendor plans to leverage the growing opportunities in the SMB segment.
On the down side, the company still has to gain visibility on the consumer sales front.

Great Geek Sites

Great Geek Sites

In honor of hitting the 10k subscriber mark here at How-To Geek, I've decided to deviate from the normal how-to articles and write up a short list of the smaller geek sites I read the most frequently that you might not have heard of.

Lifehacker
My favorite site by far, Lifehacker has featured our articles on numerous occasions. (we know, you've heard of lifehacker, but we love Gina too much to leave it out)

ArsGeek
This is just a great all-around site for random geek news. An essential subscription for me.

Of Zen and Computing
Zen Bliss is one of the best writers I've come across… and his site reminds me of Starbucks Zen Tea somehow. He's got a knack for explaining things so that anybody can understand.

CodeJacked
Whoever this guy is, he comes up with some very unique tips.

Shell Extension City
Bob at ShellCity features new freeware applications every day.

IntelliAdmin
Got some great tips on Windows and related topics.

Daily Cup of Tech
Another great geek site that covers a wide range of geek topics.

Nerdica
This site is just starting out, but judging from the quality of some of the stuff I've read so far, I've got high hopes that this will turn into something great.

tuxmachines
Their slogan reminds me of Fish from Ally McBeal… but they also find the best linux content.

Tweako
This is pretty much the best aggregator of how-to articles that I've found, covering almost every area.

Free Software Daily
This is a digg-style news site that focuses solely on open source software.

SimpleHelp
If you like our articles, you absolutely should subscribe to SimpleHelp. He writes in-depth articles on all sorts of subjects, like this one about streaming audio and video across the internet.

MysticGeek's Realm
Since moving on to his own blog, he's started posting some really great content… did you know you can watch star wars over telnet?

Popurls
This site shows you the top links from digg, del.icio.us, reddit, and dozens of other sites. What's so great about it? You don't have to actually visit digg or reddit… they link to the actual URL, not the digg item. Love it!

CyberNet News
If you want just the most interesting geek news, this is the subscription for you. Check out his nostalgic article about accessories for the original NES.

Jatecblog
This is a relatively new blog, but he's got some great tips for linux.

Of Zen and Computing
I included this site last time, but I wouldn't have known about the Adobe Reader vulnerabilityShould I add my cell phone to the Do Not Call registry"… very useful if you keep getting those chain emails. other than reading his site. He also recently answered the question "

nixCraft
Linux users only… he's got daily tips about linux commands.

Ed Bott's Microsoft Report
Who is Ed Bott? He's just the author of loads of great books about Windows… His series about Windows Vista DRM is extremely interesting.

Windows Vista for Beginners
They've got some good material geared towards beginners, as the name implies.

By bending light, researchers appear closer to creating invisibility cloak

he fantasy-like technology offers practical uses, like making computer chips even smaller

By JOHN JOHNSON JR. Los Angeles Times

Aug. 12, 2008, 12:02AM

SHIZUO KAMBAYASHI AP FILE

Three men appear through the body of Tokyo University graduate student Kazutoshi Obana during a 2003 demonstration of optical camouflage technology.

• Researchers on making invisibilty possible

Long the stuff of fantasy, practical invisibility shields have been brought a step closer to reality by researchers who say they have engineered materials that can hide an object by bending ordinary light like balloon animals at a circus.

The researchers, led by Xiang Zhang of the Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center at the University of California, Berkeley, have created two composite materials that possess negative refraction indexes, meaning they bend light opposite to the way most natural substances do. If water exhibited negative refraction, fish swimming in a pool would appear to be in the air above the water.

"This is an important step toward creating a cloak," Zhang said Monday.

But he insisted the work was not aimed at shielding Federation starships from Klingon battle cruisers. A more practical application, he said, would be to create a so-called "super lens" that could image infinitesimally small objects, enabling the manufacture of still tinier computer chips.

Materials scientists previously have found two-dimensional materials that cause negative refraction, making an object seem to disappear. But the light-bending properties of these materials were unreliable, the science team said.

The Berkeley researchers, whose work appears this week in the journals Science and Nature, created two different, three-dimensional materials that exhibit negative refraction.

The first method involved stacking alternating layers of silver and magnesium fluoride, a transparent compound used in lenses and windows. Then, tiny fishnet patterns — with holes 860 nanometers apart, or less than one-hundredth the diameter of a human hair — were cut into the layers.

Jason Valentine, a UC Berkeley graduate student, said the layers of fishnet work together to bend the light in an unnatural direction. With further development, the material might eventually be able to bend light entirely around an object, channeling it like water flowing around a rock. With no light reflected back at a viewer, the object would not be visible.

The silver-magnesium fluoride material worked only on light frequencies in the infrared range, beyond the visible spectrum. But with a second technique, researchers succeeded in bending light in the red portion of the visible light spectrum.

The technique involved placing small silver nano-wires inside porous aluminum oxide to accomplish a similar light-channeling ability.

Among the advantages of these new materials is that less light is lost than with the previous two-dimensional materials.

Jie Yao, a graduate student in applied science and technology, said several obstacles remained before the materials could be put into mass production. The material is expensive to produce, and researchers need to demonstrate negative refraction at all wavelengths of visible light, not just red.

They also must overcome the problem of directionality. At the present time, an object coated in the material could appear invisible in one direction but fully visible in another.

Surmounting these barriers will take years, Yao said.

Top 10 Conversation Hacks

A whole lot more than just words passes between people who are talking, so a few simple conversational skills can help you recognize what's really being said and help you lead the discussion your way. Learn how to read body language and facial expressions, de-code euphemisms, ask sensitive questions, criticize constructively, get what you want in negotiations, cut off chatterboxes, and more with our top 10 conversation hacks. Photo by PhillipC.

10. Feign sincerity with eye contact and repetition.

When you're just not feelin' it but you've got to look like you are, the Wired How-to wiki suggests ways you can feign sincerity. In short, make eye contact, echo what the person is saying to you back to them, and nod in understanding (even if you're not).

9. End a conversation with body language.

When that chatty co-worker just won't go away, use some of manager Brendan Connelley's techniques. My favorite is simply standing up (or crossing your arms, or speeding up to a "fast walk") to indicate it's time for that person to go and you're busy. In more desperate situations, grab your cell phone and say, "oh sorry, I've got to take this." Photo by SiBorg.

8. Ask sensitive questions indirectly to skip awkwardness.

When the info you need from someone is somewhat sensitive, check out journalist advice site MBToolbox's suggestions for asking delicate questions indirectly. Use the bluff ("the breakup must've been hard, huh?") or blame others ("so has anyone asked about your prison time?") or the indirect inquiry ("what year did you get divorced?") to broach sensitive topics with tight-lipped folks with more ease and less awkward silence.

7. Use silence to win arguments and nail a negotiation.

Lawyers and price hagglers know that a little silence can go a long way. When the other party offers a price, opt for a long pause to indicate hesitation, which might prompt them to go lower. In the case of arguments, prolonged silence may frustrate the other person—but it'll also make you look like the winner. (The evil winner, but the winner nonetheless.)

6. Soften critiques with the sandwich method.

When you need to critique someone—whether it's a co-worker's presentation or a spouse's choice of outfit—start with a compliment, then mention your critique, then end on a positive note. The "criticism hamburger" gets the message across but softens the blow.

5. Say "no" gently—or say "yes, but...."

When someone's asking you to do something you just don't want to—or don't have the time—there are ways to say "no" that are polite and respectful and won't burn any bridges. OnlineOrganizing.com offers 20 "scripts" for turning down a request, from "I'm in the middle of several projects right now" to "I'm not the right person for that job." (I've found that suggesting someone else or offering a tip on the best way to proceed also helps a whole lot.) Master of attention-firewalling Merlin Mann says you can partially commit by qualifying your "yes" with specific boundaries around what you'll do (that also imply what you won't).

4. Ask questions well.

When you need information, the people that have it need some reason to help you. Whether you're posting a question on a tech support forum or asking a colleague for help, here are some ways you can master the art of asking to get the answers you need.

3. De-code office jargon.

Client want to "touch base"? Manager want to "get on the same page"? Corporate euphemisms translate into pretty strong words, and you'll navigate your career a whole lot better if you recognize the ones that mean "get off your ass." Career adviser Penelope Trunk offers a non-nonsense dictionary for parsing office-speak.

2. "Pace and lead" an irate person.

When you're dealing with someone who is absolutely freaking out—like a parent flipping out at the playground—use school administrator Bert Webb's "pace and lead" technique. Instead of remaining calm, match the other party's emotional intensity to show you're empathetic, then lead the complainant to a calmer level of discourse.

1. Become a human lie detector.

When you suspect someone isn't telling the whole truth, tune into their voice, eyes, and body language. Monster.com's Marty Nemko lists a few indicators that should trip your BS detector, like a sudden change in voice pitch, rate of speech, or "ums" and "ahs," a change in eye contact, and body position. Similarly, project manager Scott Berkun weighs in on how to detect bullshit.

Perhaps the greatest human behavior and communication hack is an awareness of what makes people tick. If you can offer someone something they want, they'll give you what you want in return.

Thanks to :- http://lifehacker.com/399895/top-10-conversation-hacks

Lessons for life...

1. Take a 10-30 minutes' walk every day. And while you walk, smile.
2. Sit in silence for at least 10 minutes each day.
3. Sleep for 7 hours.
4. Live with the 3 E's -- Energy, Enthusiasm, and Empathy.
5. Play more games.
6. Read more books than you did in 2007.
7. Make time to practice meditation, yoga, and prayer. They provide us with daily fuel for our busy lives.
8. Spend time with people over the age of 70 & under the age of 6.
9. Dream more while you are awake.
10. Eat more foods that grow on trees and plants and eat less food that is manufactured in plants
11. Drink plenty of water.
12. Try to make at least three people smile each day.
13. Don't waste your precious energy on gossip.
14. Forget issues of the past. Don't remind your partner with his/her mistakes of the past. That will ruin your present happiness.
15. Don't have negative thoughts or things you cannot control. Instead invest your energy in the positive present moment.
16. Realize that life is a school and you are here to learn. Problems are simply part of the curriculum that appear and fade away like algebra class but the lessons you learn will last a lifetime.
17. Eat breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince and dinner like a beggar
18. Smile and laugh more.
19. Life is too short to waste time hating anyone. Don't hate others.
20. Don't take yourself so seriously. No one else does.
21. You don't have to win every argument. Agree to disagree.
22. Make peace with your past so it won't spoil the present.
23. Don't compare your life to others'. You have no idea what their journey is all about. Don't compare your partner with others.
24. No one is in charge of your happiness except you.
25. Forgive everyone for everything.
26. What other people think of you is none of your business.
27. However good or bad a situation is, it will change.
28. Your job won't take care of you when you are sick. Your friends will. Stay in touch.
29. Get rid of anything that isn't useful, beautiful or joyful.
30. Envy is a waste of time. You already have all you need.
31. The best is yet to come.
32. No matter how you feel, get up, dress up and show up.
33. Do the right thing!
34. Call your family often.
35. Your inner most is always happy. So be happy.
36. Each day give something good to others.
37. Don't overdo. Keep your limits.
38. Please Forward this to everyone you care about.

The Trouble Tree

How Google Works

If you aren’t interested in learning how Google creates the index and the database of documents that it accesses when processing a query, skip this description. I adapted the following overview from Chris Sherman and Gary Price’s wonderful description of How Search Engines Work in Chapter 2 of The Invisible Web (CyberAge Books, 2001).

Google runs on a distributed network of thousands of low-cost computers and can therefore carry out fast parallel processing. Parallel processing is a method of computation in which many calculations can be performed simultaneously, significantly speeding up data processing. Google has three distinct parts:

• Googlebot, a web crawler that finds and fetches web pages.
• The indexer that sorts every word on every page and stores the resulting index of words in a huge database.
• The query processor, which compares your search query to the index and recommends the documents that it considers most relevant.

Let’s take a closer look at each part.

1. Googlebot, Google’s Web Crawler

Googlebot is Google’s web crawling robot, which finds and retrieves pages on the web and hands them off to the Google indexer. It’s easy to imagine Googlebot as a little spider scurrying across the strands of cyberspace, but in reality Googlebot doesn’t traverse the web at all. It functions much like your web browser, by sending a request to a web server for a web page, downloading the entire page, then handing it off to Google’s indexer.

Googlebot consists of many computers requesting and fetching pages much more quickly than you can with your web browser. In fact, Googlebot can request thousands of different pages simultaneously. To avoid overwhelming web servers, or crowding out requests from human users, Googlebot deliberately makes requests of each individual web server more slowly than it’s capable of doing.

Googlebot finds pages in two ways: through an add URL form, www.google.com/addurl.html, and through finding links by crawling the web.

Unfortunately, spammers figured out how to create automated bots that bombarded the add URL form with millions of URLs pointing to commercial propaganda. Google rejects those URLs submitted through its Add URL form that it suspects are trying to deceive users by employing tactics such as including hidden text or links on a page, stuffing a page with irrelevant words, cloaking (aka bait and switch), using sneaky redirects, creating doorways, domains, or sub-domains with substantially similar content, sending automated queries to Google, and linking to bad neighbors. So now the Add URL form also has a test: it displays some squiggly letters designed to fool automated “letter-guessers”; it asks you to enter the letters you see — something like an eye-chart test to stop spambots.

When Googlebot fetches a page, it culls all the links appearing on the page and adds them to a queue for subsequent crawling. Googlebot tends to encounter little spam because most web authors link only to what they believe are high-quality pages. By harvesting links from every page it encounters, Googlebot can quickly build a list of links that can cover broad reaches of the web. This technique, known as deep crawling, also allows Googlebot to probe deep within individual sites. Because of their massive scale, deep crawls can reach almost every page in the web. Because the web is vast, this can take some time, so some pages may be crawled only once a month.

Although its function is simple, Googlebot must be programmed to handle several challenges. First, since Googlebot sends out simultaneous requests for thousands of pages, the queue of “visit soon” URLs must be constantly examined and compared with URLs already in Google’s index. Duplicates in the queue must be eliminated to prevent Googlebot from fetching the same page again. Googlebot must determine how often to revisit a page. On the one hand, it’s a waste of resources to re-index an unchanged page. On the other hand, Google wants to re-index changed pages to deliver up-to-date results.

To keep the index current, Google continuously recrawls popular frequently changing web pages at a rate roughly proportional to how often the pages change. Such crawls keep an index current and are known as fresh crawls. Newspaper pages are downloaded daily, pages with stock quotes are downloaded much more frequently. Of course, fresh crawls return fewer pages than the deep crawl. The combination of the two types of crawls allows Google to both make efficient use of its resources and keep its index reasonably current.

2. Google’s Indexer

Googlebot gives the indexer the full text of the pages it finds. These pages are stored in Google’s index database. This index is sorted alphabetically by search term, with each index entry storing a list of documents in which the term appears and the location within the text where it occurs. This data structure allows rapid access to documents that contain user query terms.

To improve search performance, Google ignores (doesn’t index) common words called stop words (such as the, is, on, or, of, how, why, as well as certain single digits and single letters). Stop words are so common that they do little to narrow a search, and therefore they can safely be discarded. The indexer also ignores some punctuation and multiple spaces, as well as converting all letters to lowercase, to improve Google’s performance.

3. Google’s Query Processor

The query processor has several parts, including the user interface (search box), the “engine” that evaluates queries and matches them to relevant documents, and the results formatter.

PageRank is Google’s system for ranking web pages. A page with a higher PageRank is deemed more important and is more likely to be listed above a page with a lower PageRank.

Google considers over a hundred factors in computing a PageRank and determining which documents are most relevant to a query, including the popularity of the page, the position and size of the search terms within the page, and the proximity of the search terms to one another on the page. A patent application discusses other factors that Google considers when ranking a page. Visit SEOmoz.org’s report for an interpretation of the concepts and the practical applications contained in Google’s patent application.

Google also applies machine-learning techniques to improve its performance automatically by learning relationships and associations within the stored data. For example, the spelling-correcting system uses such techniques to figure out likely alternative spellings. Google closely guards the formulas it uses to calculate relevance; they’re tweaked to improve quality and performance, and to outwit the latest devious techniques used by spammers.

Indexing the full text of the web allows Google to go beyond simply matching single search terms. Google gives more priority to pages that have search terms near each other and in the same order as the query. Google can also match multi-word phrases and sentences. Since Google indexes HTML code in addition to the text on the page, users can restrict searches on the basis of where query words appear, e.g., in the title, in the URL, in the body, and in links to the page, options offered by Google’s Advanced Search Form and Using Search Operators (Advanced Operators).

Let’s see how Google processes a query.

Copyright © 2003 Google Inc. Used with permission.

For more information on how Google works, take a look at the following articles.

• Google’s page on Google’s Technology, www.google.com/technology/.
• How does Google collect and rank results?, www.google.com/newsletter/librarian/librarian_2005_12/article1.html.
• Google’s PageRank Algorithm and How it Works, www.iprcom.com/papers/pagerank/
• Google’s PageRank Explained and How to Make the Most of It, www.webworkshop.net/pagerank.html

tags (keywords): crawling, google, PageRank, queries, results, spider, stop words, technology, URLs

This page was last modified on: Friday February 2, 2007

Results Page

The results page is filled with information and links, most of which relate to your query.

• Google Logo: Click on the Google logo to go to Google’s home page.

• Statistics Bar: Describes your search, includes the number of results on the current results page and an estimate of the total number of results, as well as the time your search took. For the sake of efficiency, Google estimates the number of results; it would take considerably longer to compute the exact number. This estimate is unreliable.

  Every underlined term in the statistics bar is linked to its dictionary definition. Queries that are linked to just one definition are followed by a definition link.

• Tips: Sometimes Google displays a tip in a box just below the statistics bar.
  
  
  

• Search Results: Ordered by relevance to your query, with the result that Google considers the most relevant listed first. Consequently you are likely to find what you’re seeking quickly by looking at the results in the order in which they appear. Google assesses relevance by considering over a hundred factors, including how many other pages link to the page, the positions of the search terms within the page, and the proximity of the search terms to one another.

  Below are descriptions of some search-result components. These components appear in fonts of different colors on the result page to make it easier to distinguish them from one another.

  • Page Title: (blue) The web page’s title, if the page has one, or its URL if the page has no title or if Google has not indexed all of the page’s content. Click on the page title (e.g., The History of the Brassiere - Mary Phelps Jacob) to display the corresponding page.

  • Snippets: (black) Each search result usually includes one or more short excerpts of the text that matches your query with your search terms in boldface type. Each distinct excerpt or snippet is separated by an ellipsis (…). These snippets, which appear in a black font, may provide you with

    • The information you are seeking
    • What you might find on the linked page
    • Ideas of terms to use in your subsequent searches

    When Google hasn’t crawled a page, it doesn’t include a snippet. A page might not be crawled because its publisher requested no crawling, or because the page was written in such a way that it was too difficult to crawl.

  • URL of Result: (green) Web address of the search result. In the screen shot, the URL of the first result is inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa042597.htm.

  • Size: (green) The size of the text portion of the web page. It is omitted for sites not yet indexed. In the screen shot, “5k” means that the text portion of the web page is 5 kilobytes. One kilobyte is 1,024 (2¹⁰) bytes. One byte typically holds one character. In general, the average size of a word is six characters. So each 1k of text is about 170 words. A page containing 5K characters thus is about 850 words long.

    Large web pages are far less likely to be relevant to your query than smaller pages. For the sake of efficiency, Google searches only the first 101 kilobytes (approximately 17,000 words) of a web page and the first 120 kilobytes of a pdf file. Assuming 15 words per line and 50 lines per page, Google searches the first 22 pages of a web page and the first 26 pages of a pdf file. If a page is larger, Google will list the page as being 101 kilobytes or 120 kilobytes for a pdf file. This means that Google’s results won’t reference any part of a web page beyond its first 101 kilobytes or any part of a pdf file beyond the first 120 kilobytes.

  • Date: (green) Sometimes the date Google crawled a page appears just after the size of the page. The date tells you the freshness of Google’s copy of the page. Dates are included for pages that have recently had a fresh crawl.

  • Indented Result: When Google finds multiple results from the same website, it lists the most relevant result first with the second most relevant page from that same site indented below it. In the screen shot, the indented result and the one above it are both from the site inventors.about.com.

    Limiting the number of results from a given site to two ensures that pages from one site will not dominate your search results and that Google provides pages from a variety of sites.

  • More Results: When there are more than two results from the same site, access the remaining results from the “More results from…” link.

    When Google returns more than one page of results, you can view subsequent pages by clicking either a page number or one of the “o”s in the whimsical “Gooooogle” that appears below the last search result on the page.

    

    If you find yourself scrolling through pages of results, consider increasing the number of results Google displays on each results page by changing your global preferences.

    In practice, however, if pages of interest to you aren’t within the first 10 results, consider refining your query instead of sifting through pages of irrelevant results. To simplify such refinements, Google includes a search box at the bottom of the page you can use to enter your refined query.

• Sponsored Links: Your results may include some clearly identified sponsored links (advertisements) relevant to your search. If any of your search terms appear in the ads, Google displays them in boldface type.
• Spelling Corrections, Dictionary Definition, Cached, Similar Pages, News, Product Information, Translation, Book results: Your results may include these links, which are described in the next few chapters.

Here’s another screen shot of the results page in case the one at the top of this page scrolled off your screen.

For more on what’s included on Google’s results page, visit www.google.com/help/interpret.html.

tags (keywords): results, snippets, URLs

This page was last modified on: Friday February 2, 2007

Meaning For SMILE

SMILE SHOWS FRIENDSHIP
SMILE MAKES NEW FRIENDS
SMILE MAKES OTHER PEOPLE'S DAY BRIGHTER
SMILE IMPROVES YOUR DAY
SMILE LOOKS BETTER THAN A FROWN
SMILE PUTS OTHERS AT EASE
SMILE ALWAYS IS ENJOYABLE TO GIVE AND RECIEVE BOTH
SMILE LEAVES FAVORABLE IMPRESSIONS
SMILE MAKES YOU LOOK HAPPY, CONFIDENT, AND SELF-ASSURED.
SMILE COULD BE THE START OF A LIFETIME RELATIONSHIP
SO FRIENDS DO NOT LEAVE THAT SMILE FROM YOUR FACE AND ALWAYS
KEEP SMILING

உலக வெப்பமெற

கடைசி எச்சரிக்கை அண்ணாச்சிக்களுக்கு..

முதலில் தாத்தாக்கள் காலம் பசுமை கொஞ்சும் கிராமங்கள், காற்றோட்டமான ஓட்டு வீடுகள்,எளிமையான் அரிக்கேன் விளக்கு வெளிச்சம், வெளியிடங்களுக்கு செல்ல வில்வண்டி

மனித உழைப்பு சார்ந்த இயற்கை விவசாயம்
கலப்படமற்ற வீரிய விதைகள் விளைச்சலோ அபாரம்!
உணவில் தன்னிறைவு.செய்யும் தொழில் சார்ந்த ஜாதி பிரிவுகள் இருந்த போதும், சண்டையில்லா சமரச சந்தன நறுமணம் தவழ்ந்த காலம்.

அடுத்தது அமைதி தாத்தாகளின் மகன்கள் காலம்..

மெல்ல மெல்ல அறிவியல் கண்டுபிடிப்புகளின் தாக்கம்.
கல்வி கேள்விகளின் நாகரிகத்தில் நல்ல வளர்ச்சி.

பகுத்தறிவு பிரச்சாரங்கள் மலர்ந்த நேரம்.

விவசாயத்தில் செயற்கை உரங்கள், இரசாயன பூச்சி கொல்லி மருந்துகள், இயந்திரங்கள் ஆகியவற்றின் படையெடுப்பு.

உணவு உற்பத்தி வாய்க்கும்-கைக்குமான நிலை

மத-ஜாதி-இன சண்டைகள் தோன்றி மனித உயிர்கள் காவு கொடுக்கபடல் தொடக்கம்.

இயற்கை சூழல் கெடத்தொடங்குகிறது. புதுப்புது நோய்களின் ஆலவட்டம்.

ஆங்கில மருந்துகளின் புற்றீசல் வளர்ச்சி.

ஓட்டு வீடுகள் கான்கிரிட் விடுகளாக உறுமாற்றம்.
வெளிச்சம் போச்சு, காற்றும் போச்சு, ஆரோக்கியமும் போச்சு..


போக்குவரத்தில் கரும்புகைகக்கும் வாகன தானியங்கி ஊர்திகளின் ஊர்வலங்கள்.
மனித நேயம் மெல்ல மெல்ல சுயநலத்தால் ருசிக்க படத்துவக்கம்.

கூட்டு குடும்பங்களின் சிதைவின் தொடக்கம்
அமைதி மறைந்து இருக்குமான் அசாதாரண சுழ்நிலை.

மின்விசிறி, தொலைக்காட்சி, தொலைபேசி, இருசக்கிரவாகனம் போன்ற வசதிப்படைத்தோரை போன பிறவியில் பூண்ணியம் பண்ணிய ஆத்மாக்கள் என பாராட்டபட்ட காலம்.

அடுத்து தாத்தாவின் பேரன்கள் வாழும் ஐ.டி காலம்..


பரப்பரப்பு நிறைந்தது..பாதுக்காப்பு அற்றது..பகட்டா மட்டும் தெரியுது..கைநிறைய வருமானம்..கவலையற்ற களிப்பு வாழ்வு..
கடனை உடனை வாங்கி கண்ணில் காணும் பொருட்களையெல்லாம் வாங்கிக் குவிக்கும் மனோபாவம்..

நடுத்தரவயது மக்களின் நிரந்திரமாக குடியேறிவிட்ட நச்சு பாம்புகளாம் சக்கரை வியாதி,இரத்தக் கொதிப்பு..
தண்ணீர் பாட்டீலோடு அலையும் மக்கள் ஒரு பக்கம், மூக்கு கவசத்துடன் தடதடக்கும் பூகை கக்கும்
வாகன தேரோட்டிகள்..

எந்த குண்டு எங்கு வெடிக்குமோ எனும் பதைபதைப்பு..சொந்த இனத்தையே துண்டு-துண்டாய் பிய்த்து எறியும் பயங்கரவாத்தின் கொடூங்கரங்கள்..

அடுத்த வீட்டுக்காரைன் பெயர் தெரியாத அடுக்குமாடி குடியிருப்புகளில் வாழ்க்கையின் தொடக்கம்.
நடுத்திரவர்க்கத்தின் மாதவருமானம் பெருக்கத்தால் வீட்டிற்கு இரண்டுக்கும் மேற்பட்ட நான்கு சக்கர வாகனங்கள்.
காலை நடைபயிற்சிக்கு கூட கார்களில் வரும் பருத்த தேக சொந்தங்கள்.

எங்கும் கன்சூமரிசம் எதிலும் கன்சூமரசியம்.

குடிக்கும் தண்ணீர் சாயப் பட்டறைகளால் கெட்டுப்போச்சு
ஆலைகள் வெளியிடும் நச்சுப் புகை
ஒவ்வாமை நோய்களின் ஆட்சி

சுவாசிக்கும் காற்று மாசுபட்டுப் போச்சு.

பூமிப்பந்தில் மேல்பரப்பின் வெப்பம் ஆண்டுக்கு ஆண்டுக்கு அதிகரித்துக் கொண்டே போகிறது.
சூரியனிமிருந்து மனித இனத்தைக் காக்க இயற்கை கொடுத்த் ஓசோன் அடுக்கில் ஓட்டை

இதனால்

1.திடீர் வெள்ளப் பெருக்கு
2,.சுழற்றி அடிக்கும் சூறாவளிகள்
3புரட்டிப் போடும் புயலகள்
4.க்டும் வறட்சி
5.குறைவான மழை
6.வெப்ப நோய்களின் படையெடுப்பு
7.உணவுப்பற்றாக்குறை
8.நிலப் பகுதியை முழுங்கும் கடல்களின் சீற்றம்.
9.பனிப்பாறைகள் வேகமாய் உருகும் தன்மை.
10.மனித இனமே அழியும் அபாயம்.


அனைவருக்கும் ஒரு அன்பான வேண்டுகோள்

பயங்கரவாதத்தை விட மனித இனத்திற்கு அதிக அழிவைத்தர காத்திருக்கும் "குளோபல் வார்மிங்" பற்றிய


விழிப்புணர்வுக்காக இன்று ( 08-08-08) இரவு எட்டு மணிக்கு எட்டு நிமிடங்கள் மின்சார
விளக்குகளையும்,மின் சாதனங்களையும் உபயோகிப்பதை முற்றிலும் தவிர்ப்போம்.!








உலகின் வெப்பமயமாதலின் தீமைகளை எதிர்க்க அணி திரள்வோம்!
ஒன்றுபடுவோம்!
போராடுவோம்!
தியாகம் செய்வோம்!

மனிதம் காப்போம்!
மானுடம் காப்போம்!
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கோவை விஜய் - திருமலை
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